Tuesday 9 August 2016

Risk Factors and Complications of Herpes Zoster


                                                    www.mathewsopenaccess.com


               http://www.mathewsopenaccess.com/PDF/Dermatology/M_J_Derma_1_1_006.pdf

Herpes zoster is a viral infection that is prevalent among 20-30% of people. Though it is unclear, the underlying pathophysiology can be attributed to cellular immunity dysfunction. Potential risk factors may involve routine procedures like biopsies and teeth extraction. Herpes zoster usually follows a very benign course that is most commonly complicated with post herpetic neuralgia; however, serious systemic complications including heart block and cerebral angiitis are frequently reported in immunocompromised cases. This article reviews publications on this topic and aims to highlight the potential risk factors and documented complications.

Herpes zoster is a reactivation of varicella-zoster virus, a member of the Herpesviridae that remains dormant within the dorsal root or cerebral nerve ganglion after a primary varicella infection. (Herpes) and (Zoster) are Greek words mean Creeping Girdle. This article aims to review publications on herpes zoster, with a special focus on potential risk factors and reported complications.

Herpes zoster typically presents as a vesicular eruption proceeded by pain, erythema, local edema or abnormal sensation. Pain might be burning, shooting, stapping, itching or aching. It usually follows a ganglion distribution, typically on the thoracic region; however, immunocompromised patients might have disseminated herpes zoster. Young patients usually present with an erythematous form, whereas elderly or ill patients present with hemorrhagic or necrotic forms. EPIDEMIOLOGY Herpes zoster is incident among one million, or 4 per 1000 population, per year in the United States and twenty to thirty percent of people will get herpes zoster in their life. It dominates in old age; and rarely, it reactivates during infancy with primary foetal/early infantile infection or during childhood. It is still controversial whether it has a sporadic reactivation or it is a seasonal disease. RISK FACTORS Exact risk factors of reactivation are not well-known; yet, cellular immunity is thought to have a key role. 

This role is well illustrated in old age due to normal age-related decline in cellular immunity; Plasmodium/malaria infection due to transient depression of cellular immunity and immune suppression in cases of immune deficiencies, human immunodeficiency infection or HIV disease and immunosuppressants. The role of genetics and family history is still controversial.

Risk of rheumatoid and connective tissue diseases is debateable. It is difficult to attribute the risk of reactivation to the disease per sae; especially that patients are frequently on immunosuppressant medications. Some publications suggest luck of association between herpes zoster and the disease and/or the medication, whereas other researchers propose a possible relationship. Other co-existing diseases are diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, dyslipidaemia, chronic venous diseases, other skin diseases, and malignancies including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, lymphoma, lymphatic leukaemia, multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s disease with bone marrow transplant. COMPLICATIONS Though it usually follows a benign course, herpes zoster is most commonly complicated by post herpetic neuralgia. It is proposed that different organopathies are due to either direct infiltration of the virus or indirect hematogenous infection.

5 comments:

  1. I has suffered for Human papillomavirus HPV) for 2years, I was given some tablets at the hospital but I refused to take it, They said I have to be on it for life so I don’t want take a drugs everyday for life. No point in taking medicine everyday when u won’t get cure from it and I was advice to seek for natural herbal cure, after some time I found DR.OZIGAN is the most trustful herbalist that have herbs to cure wicked symptom’s,I emailed DR.OZIGAN, for 2weeks been his patient he cured my (HPV) with his herbal. I only used his natural herbs for two weeks it was 100% cure. I’m not (HPV) patient anymore. I’m happy about it i finally got cured out of this mess been in my body for 2years. I also recommend you if you’re living with (HPV) or so if you have any problem
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  2. How can I explain this to the world that there is a man who can cure
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  3. I has suffered for Human papillomavirus HPV) for 2years, I was given some tablets at the hospital but I refused to take it, They said I have to be on it for life so I don't want take a drugs everyday for life. No point in taking medicine everyday when u won't get cure from it and I was advice to seek for natural herbal cure, after some time I found dr onokun is the most trustful herbalist that have herbs to cure wicked symptom's,I emailed dr onokun, for 2weeks been his patient he cured my (HPV) with his herbal. I only used his natural herbs for two weeks it was 100% cure. I'm not (HPV) patient anymore. I'm happy about it i finally got cured out of this mess been in my body for 2years. I also recommend you if you're living with (HPV) or herpes symptoms i also want you to be free contact dr onokun with the email. Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com

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  4. 5 years ago I had warts, I was treated with some liquid applied to the warts they continued to grow and spread... The next 2 doctors did laser surgery to remove them. 1 year after the surgery, they grew back close to where the 1st ones were' so I was finally told it was hpv. I have had it for very long time, I contract it from my cheated boyfriend and I found out he was also infected and I end up the relationship between us. the warts was so embarrasses because it started spreading all over I have be dealing with this things for very long time the last treatment I take was About 2 years ago I applied natural treatment from Dr onokun herbal cure, a week after applying the treatment all the warts was gone. it's now 2 years and some months I don't have single wart or any symptoms of hpv. wow"" it's great, Dr onokun has finally cured me. Anyone living with hpv contact Dr onokun for natural treatment.
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    ReplyDelete
  5. I'm 61 years old, I contracted hpv in 2011' I has be taking lot treatment for it and embarrassedsome months ago the wart stated coming out seriously, I used lot recommendation because there was lot warts around my anus and was so . but today I'm totally happy I got the virus eliminated by using natural treatment from Dr Onokun herbal center after his treatment I got cured. all the warts went away' seriously believed Dr Onokun he have the cure for human papillomavirus because he has eliminated hpv been in my body since 2011, Dr Onokun make it possible for me. Here is Dr Onokun email to reach him: Dronokunherbalcure@gmail.com  he is welled capable of curing terrible diseases.  

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